In the summer months, the UK becomes a haven for mosquitoes, midges, horseflies, and other blood-sucking insects. As temperatures rise, so do the number of these pests, and with them, the risk of disease. But how can we survive the summer without becoming a blood-sucking insect's next meal? This article explores the science behind these pests' attraction to humans, and offers practical tips on how to avoid being bitten.
The Allure of Humans
It's a good time to be a mosquito or other blood-sucking insect. With humans outdoors in large numbers, wearing minimal clothing, and often drinking beer, they are an irresistible feast. The heat and sweat of summer provide the perfect environment for these pests to thrive. And with the warming climate, their populations are on the rise.
The Science of Attraction
Mosquitoes, midges, and horseflies are all attracted to humans by a combination of factors. Firstly, they detect the carbon dioxide we exhale, which acts as a beacon. Secondly, they are drawn to movement and heat, making us large, warm objects in their path. And finally, they are attracted to contrasting colors, with light-colored clothing often being more effective at deterring bites.
The Role of Smell
The sense of smell plays a crucial role in attracting these pests. Each person has a unique scent, and mosquitoes can detect this. Our diet and hygiene can affect our smell, but genetics also play a significant role. Identical twins are more likely to be bitten similarly, while non-identical twins may experience different levels of bites. Blood type has also been suggested as a factor, but the evidence is inconclusive.
The Power of Insect Repellent
Insect repellent is the most effective way to avoid being bitten. Repellents containing Deet, picaridin, IR3535, and oil of lemon eucalyptus are recommended. However, citronella, often used in candles, is not particularly effective. Dousing yourself in perfume will not mask your underlying scent, as mosquitoes can detect human smell through our skin.
The Pain of Bites
The pain of a bite depends on the insect. Mosquitoes feed on blood without causing significant pain, as they inject an anticoagulant and anesthetic into the bloodstream. Horseflies, on the other hand, are more brutal, slicing the skin and lapping up the blood. Stable flies, found in agricultural areas, have a stabbing proboscis.
Practical Tips for Survival
To avoid being bitten, wear long, loose clothing, and keep windows and doors closed. Ensure your garden is free of standing water, as some mosquitoes breed in small amounts of water. Check the weather forecast to avoid midges, as they are less active in windy conditions and below 13C. When outdoors, avoid sitting outside in the early evening, as this is when midges are most active.
Living with Blood-Sucking Insects
While these pests can be a nuisance, it's essential to consider their role in the ecosystem. Midges and mosquitoes are important pollinators, and their larvae provide food for birds. Eradicating them could have unintended consequences. Instead, learn to live with these insects and take practical steps to minimize their impact on your life.
